# Index

LLMS index: [llms.txt](/en/llms.txt)

---

<span id="internal-chapter-star-248" class="pdf-anchor"></span><span id="internal-page-541" class="pdf-anchor"></span>

## A {#index-a}

- Aborting transactions [72](/en/03-pages-and-tuples/#internal-page-72), [76](/en/03-pages-and-tuples/#internal-page-76), [78](/en/03-pages-and-tuples/#internal-page-78), [219](/en/13-row-level-locks/#internal-page-219), [236](/en/14-miscellaneous-locks/#internal-page-236)

- Access method

  - index [313](/en/19-index-access-methods/#internal-page-313), [365](/en/21-nested-loop/#internal-page-365)

  - properties [322](/en/19-index-access-methods/#internal-page-322)

  - table [294](/en/18-table-access-methods/#internal-page-294)

- `Aggregate` [298](/en/18-table-access-methods/#internal-page-298)–[299](/en/18-table-access-methods/#internal-page-299)

- Aggregation [298](/en/18-table-access-methods/#internal-page-298), [303](/en/18-table-access-methods/#internal-page-303)

  - hashing [384](/en/22-hashing/#internal-page-384), [402](/en/23-sorting-and-merging/#internal-page-402)

  - sorting [402](/en/23-sorting-and-merging/#internal-page-402)

- Alignment [65](/en/03-pages-and-tuples/#internal-page-65)

- Analysis [109](/en/06-vacuum-and-autovacuum/#internal-page-109), [271](/en/17-statistics/#internal-page-271), [341](/en/20-index-scans/#internal-page-341), [412](/en/24-hash/#internal-page-412)

- Anomaly

  - dirty read [40](/en/02-isolation/#internal-page-40), [42](/en/02-isolation/#internal-page-42), [45](/en/02-isolation/#internal-page-45)

  - lost update [41](/en/02-isolation/#internal-page-41), [50](/en/02-isolation/#internal-page-50)–[51](/en/02-isolation/#internal-page-51)

  - non-repeatable read [42](/en/02-isolation/#internal-page-42), [46](/en/02-isolation/#internal-page-46), [52](/en/02-isolation/#internal-page-52)

  - phantom read [42](/en/02-isolation/#internal-page-42), [52](/en/02-isolation/#internal-page-52), [235](/en/14-miscellaneous-locks/#internal-page-235)

  - read skew [48](/en/02-isolation/#internal-page-48), [50](/en/02-isolation/#internal-page-50), [53](/en/02-isolation/#internal-page-53)

  - read-only transaction [56](/en/02-isolation/#internal-page-56), [59](/en/02-isolation/#internal-page-59), [235](/en/14-miscellaneous-locks/#internal-page-235)

  - write skew [55](/en/02-isolation/#internal-page-55), [58](/en/02-isolation/#internal-page-58), [235](/en/14-miscellaneous-locks/#internal-page-235)

- `Append` [385](/en/22-hashing/#internal-page-385)

- Array [471](/en/26-gist/#internal-page-471), [508](/en/28-gin/#internal-page-508), [516](/en/28-gin/#internal-page-516)

- “Asterisk,” the reasons not to use it [32](/en/01-introduction/#internal-page-32), [369](/en/22-hashing/#internal-page-369), [399](/en/23-sorting-and-merging/#internal-page-399)

- Atomicity [40](/en/02-isolation/#internal-page-40), [78](/en/03-pages-and-tuples/#internal-page-78)

- `autoprewarm leader` [161](/en/09-buffer-cache/#internal-page-161)–[163](/en/09-buffer-cache/#internal-page-163)

- `autoprewarm worker` [163](/en/09-buffer-cache/#internal-page-163)

- *autosummarize* [523](/en/29-brin/#internal-page-523)

- *autovacuum* [110](/en/06-vacuum-and-autovacuum/#internal-page-110)

- `autovacuum launcher` [110](/en/06-vacuum-and-autovacuum/#internal-page-110)–[111](/en/06-vacuum-and-autovacuum/#internal-page-111)

- `autovacuum worker` [110](/en/06-vacuum-and-autovacuum/#internal-page-110)

- *autovacuum\_analyze\_scale\_factor* [113](/en/06-vacuum-and-autovacuum/#internal-page-113)

- *autovacuum\_analyze\_threshold* [113](/en/06-vacuum-and-autovacuum/#internal-page-113)

- *autovacuum\_enabled* [103](/en/06-vacuum-and-autovacuum/#internal-page-103), [111](/en/06-vacuum-and-autovacuum/#internal-page-111)

- *autovacuum\_freeze\_max\_age* [127](/en/07-freezing/#internal-page-127), [131](/en/07-freezing/#internal-page-131)–[132](/en/07-freezing/#internal-page-132)

- *autovacuum\_freeze\_min\_age* [132](/en/07-freezing/#internal-page-132)

- *autovacuum\_freeze\_table\_age* [132](/en/07-freezing/#internal-page-132)

- *autovacuum\_max\_workers* [110](/en/06-vacuum-and-autovacuum/#internal-page-110), [118](/en/06-vacuum-and-autovacuum/#internal-page-118), [122](/en/06-vacuum-and-autovacuum/#internal-page-122)

- *autovacuum\_multixact\_freeze\_max\_age* [215](/en/13-row-level-locks/#internal-page-215)

- *autovacuum\_naptime* [110](/en/06-vacuum-and-autovacuum/#internal-page-110)–[111](/en/06-vacuum-and-autovacuum/#internal-page-111)

- *autovacuum\_vacuum\_cost\_delay* [118](/en/06-vacuum-and-autovacuum/#internal-page-118), [122](/en/06-vacuum-and-autovacuum/#internal-page-122), [132](/en/07-freezing/#internal-page-132)

- *autovacuum\_vacuum\_cost\_limit* [118](/en/06-vacuum-and-autovacuum/#internal-page-118), [122](/en/06-vacuum-and-autovacuum/#internal-page-122)

- *autovacuum\_vacuum\_insert\_scale\_factor* [112](/en/06-vacuum-and-autovacuum/#internal-page-112)

- *autovacuum\_vacuum\_insert\_threshold* [112](/en/06-vacuum-and-autovacuum/#internal-page-112)

- *autovacuum\_vacuum\_scale\_factor* [111](/en/06-vacuum-and-autovacuum/#internal-page-111)–[112](/en/06-vacuum-and-autovacuum/#internal-page-112)

- *autovacuum\_vacuum\_threshold* [111](/en/06-vacuum-and-autovacuum/#internal-page-111)–[112](/en/06-vacuum-and-autovacuum/#internal-page-112)

- *autovacuum\_work\_mem* [111](/en/06-vacuum-and-autovacuum/#internal-page-111)

- *autovacuum\_freeze\_max\_age* [131](/en/07-freezing/#internal-page-131)

## B {#index-b}

- Backend [34](/en/01-introduction/#internal-page-34)

- Background worker [108](/en/06-vacuum-and-autovacuum/#internal-page-108), [110](/en/06-vacuum-and-autovacuum/#internal-page-110), [305](/en/18-table-access-methods/#internal-page-305)

- Background writing [176](/en/10-write-ahead-log/#internal-page-176)

  - setup [179](/en/10-write-ahead-log/#internal-page-179)

- Batch processing [142](/en/08-rebuilding-tables-and-indexes/#internal-page-142), [224](/en/13-row-level-locks/#internal-page-224)

- `bgwriter` [176](/en/10-write-ahead-log/#internal-page-176), [179](/en/10-write-ahead-log/#internal-page-179)–[181](/en/10-write-ahead-log/#internal-page-181), [194](/en/11-wal-modes/#internal-page-194)

- *bgwriter\_delay* [179](/en/10-write-ahead-log/#internal-page-179)

- *bgwriter\_lru\_maxpages* [179](/en/10-write-ahead-log/#internal-page-179), [181](/en/10-write-ahead-log/#internal-page-181)

- *bgwriter\_lru\_multiplier* [179](/en/10-write-ahead-log/#internal-page-179)

- Binding [267](/en/16-query-execution-stages/#internal-page-267)

- Bison [254](/en/16-query-execution-stages/#internal-page-254)

- Bitmap [341](/en/20-index-scans/#internal-page-341)

  - NULL values [64](/en/03-pages-and-tuples/#internal-page-64)

- `Bitmap Heap Scan` [289](/en/17-statistics/#internal-page-289), [341](/en/20-index-scans/#internal-page-341), [344](/en/20-index-scans/#internal-page-344), [346](/en/20-index-scans/#internal-page-346)

- <span id="internal-page-542" class="pdf-anchor"></span>`Bitmap Index Scan` [289](/en/17-statistics/#internal-page-289), [341](/en/20-index-scans/#internal-page-341), [344](/en/20-index-scans/#internal-page-344), [346](/en/20-index-scans/#internal-page-346), [348](/en/20-index-scans/#internal-page-348)

- `BitmapAnd` [343](/en/20-index-scans/#internal-page-343)

- Bloating [89](/en/04-snapshots/#internal-page-89), [101](/en/05-page-pruning-and-hot-updates/#internal-page-101), [141](/en/08-rebuilding-tables-and-indexes/#internal-page-141), [297](/en/18-table-access-methods/#internal-page-297), [417](/en/24-hash/#internal-page-417), [425](/en/25-b-tree/#internal-page-425), [430](/en/25-b-tree/#internal-page-430), [445](/en/26-gist/#internal-page-445)

- Block *see* page

- bloom [537](/en/29-brin/#internal-page-537)

- Bloom filter [466](/en/26-gist/#internal-page-466), [536](/en/29-brin/#internal-page-536)

- Box plot [527](/en/29-brin/#internal-page-527)

- BRIN [517](/en/29-brin/#internal-page-517)

  - efficiency factor [527](/en/29-brin/#internal-page-527)

  - operator class [521](/en/29-brin/#internal-page-521), [523](/en/29-brin/#internal-page-523), [532](/en/29-brin/#internal-page-532), [534](/en/29-brin/#internal-page-534)–[535](/en/29-brin/#internal-page-535), [537](/en/29-brin/#internal-page-537)

  - pages [519](/en/29-brin/#internal-page-519)

  - properties [528](/en/29-brin/#internal-page-528)

- B-tree [421](/en/25-b-tree/#internal-page-421), [459](/en/26-gist/#internal-page-459), [492](/en/28-gin/#internal-page-492), [494](/en/28-gin/#internal-page-494), [511](/en/28-gin/#internal-page-511)

  - operator class [432](/en/25-b-tree/#internal-page-432), [496](/en/28-gin/#internal-page-496), [524](/en/29-brin/#internal-page-524)

  - pages [426](/en/25-b-tree/#internal-page-426)

  - properties [441](/en/25-b-tree/#internal-page-441)

- btree\_gin [511](/en/28-gin/#internal-page-511)

- btree\_gist [459](/en/26-gist/#internal-page-459), [471](/en/26-gist/#internal-page-471)

- Buffer cache [34](/en/01-introduction/#internal-page-34), [147](/en/09-buffer-cache/#internal-page-147), [165](/en/10-write-ahead-log/#internal-page-165), [170](/en/10-write-ahead-log/#internal-page-170), [241](/en/15-locks-on-memory-structures/#internal-page-241), [296](/en/18-table-access-methods/#internal-page-296), [314](/en/19-index-access-methods/#internal-page-314), [335](/en/20-index-scans/#internal-page-335)

  - configuration [158](/en/09-buffer-cache/#internal-page-158)

  - eviction [154](/en/09-buffer-cache/#internal-page-154)

  - local [163](/en/09-buffer-cache/#internal-page-163), [311](/en/18-table-access-methods/#internal-page-311)

- Buffer pin [148](/en/09-buffer-cache/#internal-page-148), [151](/en/09-buffer-cache/#internal-page-151), [242](/en/15-locks-on-memory-structures/#internal-page-242)

- Buffer ring [156](/en/09-buffer-cache/#internal-page-156), [296](/en/18-table-access-methods/#internal-page-296)

## C {#index-c}

- Cardinality [262](/en/16-query-execution-stages/#internal-page-262), [271](/en/17-statistics/#internal-page-271), [335](/en/20-index-scans/#internal-page-335)

  - join [356](/en/21-nested-loop/#internal-page-356)

- Cartesian product [350](/en/21-nested-loop/#internal-page-350), [352](/en/21-nested-loop/#internal-page-352)

- Checkpoint [170](/en/10-write-ahead-log/#internal-page-170), [186](/en/11-wal-modes/#internal-page-186)

  - monitoring [179](/en/10-write-ahead-log/#internal-page-179)

  - setup [177](/en/10-write-ahead-log/#internal-page-177)

- *checkpoint\_completion\_target* [177](/en/10-write-ahead-log/#internal-page-177)–[178](/en/10-write-ahead-log/#internal-page-178)

- `checkpointer` [170](/en/10-write-ahead-log/#internal-page-170)–[171](/en/10-write-ahead-log/#internal-page-171), [176](/en/10-write-ahead-log/#internal-page-176), [178](/en/10-write-ahead-log/#internal-page-178)–[181](/en/10-write-ahead-log/#internal-page-181), [186](/en/11-wal-modes/#internal-page-186)

- *checkpoint\_timeout* [177](/en/10-write-ahead-log/#internal-page-177)–[178](/en/10-write-ahead-log/#internal-page-178), [180](/en/10-write-ahead-log/#internal-page-180)

- *checkpoint\_warning* [179](/en/10-write-ahead-log/#internal-page-179)

- *client\_encoding* [507](/en/28-gin/#internal-page-507)

- CLOG [70](/en/03-pages-and-tuples/#internal-page-70), [132](/en/07-freezing/#internal-page-132), [165](/en/10-write-ahead-log/#internal-page-165), [167](/en/10-write-ahead-log/#internal-page-167), [170](/en/10-write-ahead-log/#internal-page-170)

- Cluster [20](/en/01-introduction/#internal-page-20)

- Cmin and cmax [86](/en/04-snapshots/#internal-page-86)

- Collation [317](/en/19-index-access-methods/#internal-page-317), [433](/en/25-b-tree/#internal-page-433), [487](/en/27-sp-gist/#internal-page-487)

- Combo-identifier [86](/en/04-snapshots/#internal-page-86)

- Commit [70](/en/03-pages-and-tuples/#internal-page-70), [167](/en/10-write-ahead-log/#internal-page-167), [219](/en/13-row-level-locks/#internal-page-219)

  - asynchronous [183](/en/11-wal-modes/#internal-page-183)

  - synchronous [182](/en/11-wal-modes/#internal-page-182)

- *commit\_delay* [183](/en/11-wal-modes/#internal-page-183)

- *commit\_siblings* [183](/en/11-wal-modes/#internal-page-183)

- Consistency [39](/en/02-isolation/#internal-page-39)–[40](/en/02-isolation/#internal-page-40)

- Correlated predicates [263](/en/16-query-execution-stages/#internal-page-263), [289](/en/17-statistics/#internal-page-289)

- Correlation [284](/en/17-statistics/#internal-page-284), [331](/en/20-index-scans/#internal-page-331), [340](/en/20-index-scans/#internal-page-340), [517](/en/29-brin/#internal-page-517), [525](/en/29-brin/#internal-page-525), [534](/en/29-brin/#internal-page-534)

- Cost [258](/en/16-query-execution-stages/#internal-page-258), [262](/en/16-query-execution-stages/#internal-page-262), [264](/en/16-query-execution-stages/#internal-page-264)

- *cpu\_index\_tuple\_cost* [333](/en/20-index-scans/#internal-page-333)

- *cpu\_operator\_cost* [299](/en/18-table-access-methods/#internal-page-299), [333](/en/20-index-scans/#internal-page-333), [370](/en/22-hashing/#internal-page-370), [389](/en/23-sorting-and-merging/#internal-page-389), [394](/en/23-sorting-and-merging/#internal-page-394), [402](/en/23-sorting-and-merging/#internal-page-402)

- *cpu\_tuple\_cost* [298](/en/18-table-access-methods/#internal-page-298)–[299](/en/18-table-access-methods/#internal-page-299), [333](/en/20-index-scans/#internal-page-333), [360](/en/21-nested-loop/#internal-page-360), [370](/en/22-hashing/#internal-page-370)–[371](/en/22-hashing/#internal-page-371), [389](/en/23-sorting-and-merging/#internal-page-389), [394](/en/23-sorting-and-merging/#internal-page-394)

- `CTE Scan` [309](/en/18-table-access-methods/#internal-page-309)–[310](/en/18-table-access-methods/#internal-page-310)

- CTID [64](/en/03-pages-and-tuples/#internal-page-64), [96](/en/05-page-pruning-and-hot-updates/#internal-page-96)

- cube [470](/en/26-gist/#internal-page-470)

- Cursor [86](/en/04-snapshots/#internal-page-86), [151](/en/09-buffer-cache/#internal-page-151), [262](/en/16-query-execution-stages/#internal-page-262), [270](/en/16-query-execution-stages/#internal-page-270), [308](/en/18-table-access-methods/#internal-page-308)

- *cursor\_tuple\_fraction* [262](/en/16-query-execution-stages/#internal-page-262), [270](/en/16-query-execution-stages/#internal-page-270)

## D {#index-d}

- Database [20](/en/01-introduction/#internal-page-20)

- *data\_checksums* [188](/en/11-wal-modes/#internal-page-188)

- Deadlocks [202](/en/12-relation-level-locks/#internal-page-202), [225](/en/13-row-level-locks/#internal-page-225), [233](/en/14-miscellaneous-locks/#internal-page-233)

- *deadlock\_timeout* [226](/en/13-row-level-locks/#internal-page-226), [233](/en/14-miscellaneous-locks/#internal-page-233), [243](/en/15-locks-on-memory-structures/#internal-page-243)

- *debug\_print\_parse* [255](/en/16-query-execution-stages/#internal-page-255)

- *debug\_print\_plan* [257](/en/16-query-execution-stages/#internal-page-257)

- *debug\_print\_rewritten* [256](/en/16-query-execution-stages/#internal-page-256)

- *deduplicate\_items* [430](/en/25-b-tree/#internal-page-430)

- Deduplication [429](/en/25-b-tree/#internal-page-429), [492](/en/28-gin/#internal-page-492)

- *default\_statistics\_target* [272](/en/17-statistics/#internal-page-272), [279](/en/17-statistics/#internal-page-279), [283](/en/17-statistics/#internal-page-283), [292](/en/17-statistics/#internal-page-292)

- *default\_table\_access\_method* [294](/en/18-table-access-methods/#internal-page-294)

- *default\_text\_search\_config* [464](/en/26-gist/#internal-page-464)

- *default\_transaction\_isolation* [60](/en/02-isolation/#internal-page-60)

- <span id="internal-page-543" class="pdf-anchor"></span>Demo database [251](/en/16-query-execution-stages/#internal-page-251), [446](/en/26-gist/#internal-page-446), [518](/en/29-brin/#internal-page-518)

- Dirty read [42](/en/02-isolation/#internal-page-42), [45](/en/02-isolation/#internal-page-45)

- Durability [40](/en/02-isolation/#internal-page-40)

## E {#index-e}

- *effective\_cache\_size* [335](/en/20-index-scans/#internal-page-335)–[336](/en/20-index-scans/#internal-page-336)

- *effective\_io\_concurrency* [341](/en/20-index-scans/#internal-page-341)

- *enable\_bitmapscan* [334](/en/20-index-scans/#internal-page-334)

- *enable\_hashjoin* [390](/en/23-sorting-and-merging/#internal-page-390)–[391](/en/23-sorting-and-merging/#internal-page-391)

- *enable\_memoize* [361](/en/21-nested-loop/#internal-page-361)

- *enable\_mergejoin* [362](/en/21-nested-loop/#internal-page-362)

- *enable\_parallel\_hash* [378](/en/22-hashing/#internal-page-378), [380](/en/22-hashing/#internal-page-380)

- *enable\_seqscan* [229](/en/13-row-level-locks/#internal-page-229), [334](/en/20-index-scans/#internal-page-334), [509](/en/28-gin/#internal-page-509), [535](/en/29-brin/#internal-page-535)

- Equi-join [350](/en/21-nested-loop/#internal-page-350), [382](/en/22-hashing/#internal-page-382), [388](/en/23-sorting-and-merging/#internal-page-388), [411](/en/24-hash/#internal-page-411)

- Eviction [154](/en/09-buffer-cache/#internal-page-154), [167](/en/10-write-ahead-log/#internal-page-167), [176](/en/10-write-ahead-log/#internal-page-176)

- Execution [264](/en/16-query-execution-stages/#internal-page-264), [267](/en/16-query-execution-stages/#internal-page-267)

## F {#index-f}

- *false\_positive\_rate* [537](/en/29-brin/#internal-page-537)

- *fastupdate* [233](/en/14-miscellaneous-locks/#internal-page-233), [503](/en/28-gin/#internal-page-503)

- fdatasync [186](/en/11-wal-modes/#internal-page-186)

- *fillfactor* [92](/en/05-page-pruning-and-hot-updates/#internal-page-92)–[93](/en/05-page-pruning-and-hot-updates/#internal-page-93), [98](/en/05-page-pruning-and-hot-updates/#internal-page-98)–[99](/en/05-page-pruning-and-hot-updates/#internal-page-99), [125](/en/07-freezing/#internal-page-125), [127](/en/07-freezing/#internal-page-127), [135](/en/08-rebuilding-tables-and-indexes/#internal-page-135), [236](/en/14-miscellaneous-locks/#internal-page-236), [413](/en/24-hash/#internal-page-413), [446](/en/26-gist/#internal-page-446), [474](/en/27-sp-gist/#internal-page-474), [531](/en/29-brin/#internal-page-531)

- `Finalize Aggregate` [304](/en/18-table-access-methods/#internal-page-304)

- `Finalize GroupAggregate` [404](/en/23-sorting-and-merging/#internal-page-404)

- Flex [254](/en/16-query-execution-stages/#internal-page-254)

- *force\_parallel\_mode* [309](/en/18-table-access-methods/#internal-page-309)

- Foreign keys [211](/en/13-row-level-locks/#internal-page-211), [213](/en/13-row-level-locks/#internal-page-213), [356](/en/21-nested-loop/#internal-page-356)

- Fork [24](/en/01-introduction/#internal-page-24)

  - free space map [26](/en/01-introduction/#internal-page-26), [92](/en/05-page-pruning-and-hot-updates/#internal-page-92), [102](/en/06-vacuum-and-autovacuum/#internal-page-102)

  - initialization [26](/en/01-introduction/#internal-page-26)

  - main [25](/en/01-introduction/#internal-page-25), [64](/en/03-pages-and-tuples/#internal-page-64), [525](/en/29-brin/#internal-page-525)

  - visibility map [27](/en/01-introduction/#internal-page-27), [92](/en/05-page-pruning-and-hot-updates/#internal-page-92), [126](/en/07-freezing/#internal-page-126), [128](/en/07-freezing/#internal-page-128), [139](/en/08-rebuilding-tables-and-indexes/#internal-page-139), [337](/en/20-index-scans/#internal-page-337)

- Freezing [124](/en/07-freezing/#internal-page-124), [139](/en/08-rebuilding-tables-and-indexes/#internal-page-139), [152](/en/09-buffer-cache/#internal-page-152), [215](/en/13-row-level-locks/#internal-page-215)

  - manual [132](/en/07-freezing/#internal-page-132)

- *from\_collapse\_limit* [259](/en/16-query-execution-stages/#internal-page-259)–[260](/en/16-query-execution-stages/#internal-page-260)

- fsync [186](/en/11-wal-modes/#internal-page-186)–[187](/en/11-wal-modes/#internal-page-187)

- Full page image [174](/en/10-write-ahead-log/#internal-page-174)

- *full\_page\_writes* [189](/en/11-wal-modes/#internal-page-189), [191](/en/11-wal-modes/#internal-page-191)

- Full-text search [462](/en/26-gist/#internal-page-462)

  - indexing [463](/en/26-gist/#internal-page-463), [493](/en/28-gin/#internal-page-493)

  - partial [498](/en/28-gin/#internal-page-498)

  - phrase [506](/en/28-gin/#internal-page-506)

  - ranking [506](/en/28-gin/#internal-page-506)

- fuzzystrmatch [490](/en/27-sp-gist/#internal-page-490)

## G {#index-g}

- `Gather` [300](/en/18-table-access-methods/#internal-page-300)–[304](/en/18-table-access-methods/#internal-page-304), [309](/en/18-table-access-methods/#internal-page-309), [401](/en/23-sorting-and-merging/#internal-page-401)

- `Gather Merge` [401](/en/23-sorting-and-merging/#internal-page-401)–[402](/en/23-sorting-and-merging/#internal-page-402)

- *geqo* [261](/en/16-query-execution-stages/#internal-page-261)

- *geqo\_threshold* [261](/en/16-query-execution-stages/#internal-page-261)

- Getting the result [270](/en/16-query-execution-stages/#internal-page-270)

- gevel [448](/en/26-gist/#internal-page-448), [478](/en/27-sp-gist/#internal-page-478)

- GIN [492](/en/28-gin/#internal-page-492)

  - deferred update [233](/en/14-miscellaneous-locks/#internal-page-233)

  - fast update [503](/en/28-gin/#internal-page-503)

  - operator class [493](/en/28-gin/#internal-page-493), [496](/en/28-gin/#internal-page-496), [508](/en/28-gin/#internal-page-508), [511](/en/28-gin/#internal-page-511)

  - pages [494](/en/28-gin/#internal-page-494)

  - properties [505](/en/28-gin/#internal-page-505)

- *gin\_fuzzy\_search\_limit* [504](/en/28-gin/#internal-page-504)

- *gin\_pending\_list\_limit* [503](/en/28-gin/#internal-page-503)

- GiST [444](/en/26-gist/#internal-page-444), [533](/en/29-brin/#internal-page-533)

  - operator class [445](/en/26-gist/#internal-page-445), [448](/en/26-gist/#internal-page-448), [535](/en/29-brin/#internal-page-535)

  - pages [447](/en/26-gist/#internal-page-447)

  - properties [459](/en/26-gist/#internal-page-459), [469](/en/26-gist/#internal-page-469)

- `GroupAggregate` [403](/en/23-sorting-and-merging/#internal-page-403)

- Grouping [384](/en/22-hashing/#internal-page-384), [403](/en/23-sorting-and-merging/#internal-page-403)

## H {#index-h}

- `Hash` [367](/en/22-hashing/#internal-page-367), [370](/en/22-hashing/#internal-page-370), [374](/en/22-hashing/#internal-page-374), [411](/en/24-hash/#internal-page-411)

  - operator class [417](/en/24-hash/#internal-page-417)

  - page [412](/en/24-hash/#internal-page-412)

  - properties [418](/en/24-hash/#internal-page-418)

- `Hash Join` [367](/en/22-hashing/#internal-page-367), [369](/en/22-hashing/#internal-page-369)–[370](/en/22-hashing/#internal-page-370), [374](/en/22-hashing/#internal-page-374)

- Hash table [149](/en/09-buffer-cache/#internal-page-149), [241](/en/15-locks-on-memory-structures/#internal-page-241)–[242](/en/15-locks-on-memory-structures/#internal-page-242), [360](/en/21-nested-loop/#internal-page-360), [367](/en/22-hashing/#internal-page-367), [411](/en/24-hash/#internal-page-411)

- `HashAggregate` [384](/en/22-hashing/#internal-page-384)–[385](/en/22-hashing/#internal-page-385)

- *hash\_mem\_multiplier* [360](/en/21-nested-loop/#internal-page-360), [368](/en/22-hashing/#internal-page-368), [379](/en/22-hashing/#internal-page-379), [385](/en/22-hashing/#internal-page-385)

- Header

  - page [62](/en/03-pages-and-tuples/#internal-page-62), [104](/en/06-vacuum-and-autovacuum/#internal-page-104)

  - row version [64](/en/03-pages-and-tuples/#internal-page-64)

  - tuple [210](/en/13-row-level-locks/#internal-page-210)

- <span id="internal-page-544" class="pdf-anchor"></span>High key [426](/en/25-b-tree/#internal-page-426), [428](/en/25-b-tree/#internal-page-428), [494](/en/28-gin/#internal-page-494)

- Hint bits *see* information bits

- Histogram [279](/en/17-statistics/#internal-page-279)

- Horizon [87](/en/04-snapshots/#internal-page-87)–[88](/en/04-snapshots/#internal-page-88), [92](/en/05-page-pruning-and-hot-updates/#internal-page-92), [104](/en/06-vacuum-and-autovacuum/#internal-page-104), [141](/en/08-rebuilding-tables-and-indexes/#internal-page-141), [338](/en/20-index-scans/#internal-page-338)

- HOT updates [96](/en/05-page-pruning-and-hot-updates/#internal-page-96), [430](/en/25-b-tree/#internal-page-430)

- hstore [471](/en/26-gist/#internal-page-471), [516](/en/28-gin/#internal-page-516)

## I {#index-i}

- *idle\_in\_transaction\_session\_timeout* [141](/en/08-rebuilding-tables-and-indexes/#internal-page-141)

- *ignore\_checksum\_failure* [188](/en/11-wal-modes/#internal-page-188)

- `Incremental Sort` [400](/en/23-sorting-and-merging/#internal-page-400)

- Index [313](/en/19-index-access-methods/#internal-page-313), [318](/en/19-index-access-methods/#internal-page-318)

  - covering [325](/en/19-index-access-methods/#internal-page-325), [337](/en/20-index-scans/#internal-page-337), [339](/en/20-index-scans/#internal-page-339), [442](/en/25-b-tree/#internal-page-442), [482](/en/27-sp-gist/#internal-page-482)

  - include [460](/en/26-gist/#internal-page-460)

  - integrity constraint [323](/en/19-index-access-methods/#internal-page-323), [325](/en/19-index-access-methods/#internal-page-325), [419](/en/24-hash/#internal-page-419), [442](/en/25-b-tree/#internal-page-442), [457](/en/26-gist/#internal-page-457), [460](/en/26-gist/#internal-page-460), [482](/en/27-sp-gist/#internal-page-482)

  - multicolumn [324](/en/19-index-access-methods/#internal-page-324), [437](/en/25-b-tree/#internal-page-437), [441](/en/25-b-tree/#internal-page-441)–[442](/en/25-b-tree/#internal-page-442), [460](/en/26-gist/#internal-page-460), [505](/en/28-gin/#internal-page-505), [529](/en/29-brin/#internal-page-529)

  - on expression [287](/en/17-statistics/#internal-page-287), [319](/en/19-index-access-methods/#internal-page-319), [535](/en/29-brin/#internal-page-535)

  - ordering [323](/en/19-index-access-methods/#internal-page-323), [327](/en/19-index-access-methods/#internal-page-327), [421](/en/25-b-tree/#internal-page-421), [433](/en/25-b-tree/#internal-page-433), [437](/en/25-b-tree/#internal-page-437), [441](/en/25-b-tree/#internal-page-441)–[442](/en/25-b-tree/#internal-page-442)

  - partial [329](/en/19-index-access-methods/#internal-page-329)

  - pruning [101](/en/05-page-pruning-and-hot-updates/#internal-page-101), [425](/en/25-b-tree/#internal-page-425), [430](/en/25-b-tree/#internal-page-430)

  - statistics [287](/en/17-statistics/#internal-page-287)

  - unique [211](/en/13-row-level-locks/#internal-page-211), [323](/en/19-index-access-methods/#internal-page-323), [325](/en/19-index-access-methods/#internal-page-325), [423](/en/25-b-tree/#internal-page-423), [430](/en/25-b-tree/#internal-page-430), [442](/en/25-b-tree/#internal-page-442)

  - vacuuming [416](/en/24-hash/#internal-page-416), [503](/en/28-gin/#internal-page-503)

  - versioning [74](/en/03-pages-and-tuples/#internal-page-74)

- `Index Only Scan` [337](/en/20-index-scans/#internal-page-337)

- `Index Scan` [330](/en/20-index-scans/#internal-page-330)–[331](/en/20-index-scans/#internal-page-331), [334](/en/20-index-scans/#internal-page-334), [355](/en/21-nested-loop/#internal-page-355), [358](/en/21-nested-loop/#internal-page-358)

- Indexing engine [313](/en/19-index-access-methods/#internal-page-313), [322](/en/19-index-access-methods/#internal-page-322)

- Information bits [64](/en/03-pages-and-tuples/#internal-page-64), [68](/en/03-pages-and-tuples/#internal-page-68), [71](/en/03-pages-and-tuples/#internal-page-71), [81](/en/04-snapshots/#internal-page-81), [189](/en/11-wal-modes/#internal-page-189), [210](/en/13-row-level-locks/#internal-page-210)

- `InitPlan` [276](/en/17-statistics/#internal-page-276), [311](/en/18-table-access-methods/#internal-page-311)

- Instance [20](/en/01-introduction/#internal-page-20)

- intarray [471](/en/26-gist/#internal-page-471), [516](/en/28-gin/#internal-page-516)

- Integrity constraints [39](/en/02-isolation/#internal-page-39)

- Isolation [40](/en/02-isolation/#internal-page-40)

  - snapshot [44](/en/02-isolation/#internal-page-44), [58](/en/02-isolation/#internal-page-58), [80](/en/04-snapshots/#internal-page-80), [210](/en/13-row-level-locks/#internal-page-210)

## J {#index-j}

- Join

  - anti- and semi- [350](/en/21-nested-loop/#internal-page-350), [363](/en/21-nested-loop/#internal-page-363)

  - cost estimation [353](/en/21-nested-loop/#internal-page-353), [358](/en/21-nested-loop/#internal-page-358), [360](/en/21-nested-loop/#internal-page-360), [370](/en/22-hashing/#internal-page-370), [376](/en/22-hashing/#internal-page-376), [389](/en/23-sorting-and-merging/#internal-page-389), [393](/en/23-sorting-and-merging/#internal-page-393), [395](/en/23-sorting-and-merging/#internal-page-395), [398](/en/23-sorting-and-merging/#internal-page-398), [400](/en/23-sorting-and-merging/#internal-page-400)–[401](/en/23-sorting-and-merging/#internal-page-401)

  - different methods [405](/en/23-sorting-and-merging/#internal-page-405)

  - hashing [367](/en/22-hashing/#internal-page-367), [372](/en/22-hashing/#internal-page-372)

  - inner [350](/en/21-nested-loop/#internal-page-350)

  - merging [387](/en/23-sorting-and-merging/#internal-page-387), [437](/en/25-b-tree/#internal-page-437)

  - nested loop [351](/en/21-nested-loop/#internal-page-351)

  - order [257](/en/16-query-execution-stages/#internal-page-257), [259](/en/16-query-execution-stages/#internal-page-259), [368](/en/22-hashing/#internal-page-368), [389](/en/23-sorting-and-merging/#internal-page-389)

  - outer [350](/en/21-nested-loop/#internal-page-350), [362](/en/21-nested-loop/#internal-page-362), [388](/en/23-sorting-and-merging/#internal-page-388)

  - parallel hash [378](/en/22-hashing/#internal-page-378), [380](/en/22-hashing/#internal-page-380)

  - parameterized [355](/en/21-nested-loop/#internal-page-355)

- *join\_collapse\_limit* [259](/en/16-query-execution-stages/#internal-page-259)–[260](/en/16-query-execution-stages/#internal-page-260)

- JSON [511](/en/28-gin/#internal-page-511), [516](/en/28-gin/#internal-page-516)

- jsquery [516](/en/28-gin/#internal-page-516)

## K {#index-k}

- k-D tree [483](/en/27-sp-gist/#internal-page-483)

## L {#index-l}

- Locks [43](/en/02-isolation/#internal-page-43), [199](/en/12-relation-level-locks/#internal-page-199), [314](/en/19-index-access-methods/#internal-page-314)

  - advisory [234](/en/14-miscellaneous-locks/#internal-page-234)

  - escalation [210](/en/13-row-level-locks/#internal-page-210), [238](/en/14-miscellaneous-locks/#internal-page-238)

  - heavyweight [201](/en/12-relation-level-locks/#internal-page-201), [210](/en/13-row-level-locks/#internal-page-210)

  - lightweight [240](/en/15-locks-on-memory-structures/#internal-page-240)

  - memory [148](/en/09-buffer-cache/#internal-page-148)

  - no waits [142](/en/08-rebuilding-tables-and-indexes/#internal-page-142), [224](/en/13-row-level-locks/#internal-page-224)

  - non-relation [231](/en/14-miscellaneous-locks/#internal-page-231)

  - page [233](/en/14-miscellaneous-locks/#internal-page-233)

  - predicate [235](/en/14-miscellaneous-locks/#internal-page-235)

  - queue [206](/en/12-relation-level-locks/#internal-page-206), [215](/en/13-row-level-locks/#internal-page-215), [221](/en/13-row-level-locks/#internal-page-221)

  - relation [109](/en/06-vacuum-and-autovacuum/#internal-page-109), [135](/en/08-rebuilding-tables-and-indexes/#internal-page-135), [140](/en/08-rebuilding-tables-and-indexes/#internal-page-140), [194](/en/11-wal-modes/#internal-page-194), [204](/en/12-relation-level-locks/#internal-page-204)

  - relation extension [232](/en/14-miscellaneous-locks/#internal-page-232)

  - row [142](/en/08-rebuilding-tables-and-indexes/#internal-page-142), [210](/en/13-row-level-locks/#internal-page-210)

  - spinlocks [240](/en/15-locks-on-memory-structures/#internal-page-240)

  - tranche [242](/en/15-locks-on-memory-structures/#internal-page-242)

  - transaction ID [202](/en/12-relation-level-locks/#internal-page-202)

  - tuple [215](/en/13-row-level-locks/#internal-page-215)

- *lock\_timeout* [224](/en/13-row-level-locks/#internal-page-224)–[225](/en/13-row-level-locks/#internal-page-225)

- *log\_autovacuum\_min\_duration* [122](/en/06-vacuum-and-autovacuum/#internal-page-122)

- *log\_checkpoints* [179](/en/10-write-ahead-log/#internal-page-179)

- <span id="internal-page-545" class="pdf-anchor"></span>`logical` [191](/en/11-wal-modes/#internal-page-191), [196](/en/11-wal-modes/#internal-page-196)

- *log\_lock\_waits* [243](/en/15-locks-on-memory-structures/#internal-page-243)

- *log\_temp\_files* [374](/en/22-hashing/#internal-page-374), [398](/en/23-sorting-and-merging/#internal-page-398)

- Lost update [41](/en/02-isolation/#internal-page-41), [50](/en/02-isolation/#internal-page-50)–[51](/en/02-isolation/#internal-page-51)

- ltree [471](/en/26-gist/#internal-page-471)

## M {#index-m}

- *maintenance\_io\_concurrency* [341](/en/20-index-scans/#internal-page-341)

- *maintenance\_work\_mem* [107](/en/06-vacuum-and-autovacuum/#internal-page-107), [119](/en/06-vacuum-and-autovacuum/#internal-page-119), [121](/en/06-vacuum-and-autovacuum/#internal-page-121), [503](/en/28-gin/#internal-page-503)

- Map

  - bitmap [412](/en/24-hash/#internal-page-412), [517](/en/29-brin/#internal-page-517), [521](/en/29-brin/#internal-page-521), [529](/en/29-brin/#internal-page-529)

  - free space [26](/en/01-introduction/#internal-page-26), [92](/en/05-page-pruning-and-hot-updates/#internal-page-92), [102](/en/06-vacuum-and-autovacuum/#internal-page-102)

  - freeze [27](/en/01-introduction/#internal-page-27), [126](/en/07-freezing/#internal-page-126), [129](/en/07-freezing/#internal-page-129), [139](/en/08-rebuilding-tables-and-indexes/#internal-page-139)

  - visibility [27](/en/01-introduction/#internal-page-27), [92](/en/05-page-pruning-and-hot-updates/#internal-page-92), [126](/en/07-freezing/#internal-page-126), [128](/en/07-freezing/#internal-page-128), [139](/en/08-rebuilding-tables-and-indexes/#internal-page-139), [337](/en/20-index-scans/#internal-page-337)

- Materialization [309](/en/18-table-access-methods/#internal-page-309), [352](/en/21-nested-loop/#internal-page-352), [359](/en/21-nested-loop/#internal-page-359)

- `Materialize` [352](/en/21-nested-loop/#internal-page-352), [354](/en/21-nested-loop/#internal-page-354)–[355](/en/21-nested-loop/#internal-page-355), [359](/en/21-nested-loop/#internal-page-359)–[360](/en/21-nested-loop/#internal-page-360), [362](/en/21-nested-loop/#internal-page-362)

- *max\_connections* [201](/en/12-relation-level-locks/#internal-page-201), [238](/en/14-miscellaneous-locks/#internal-page-238)

- *max\_locks\_per\_transaction* [201](/en/12-relation-level-locks/#internal-page-201)

- *max\_parallel\_processes* [161](/en/09-buffer-cache/#internal-page-161)

- *max\_parallel\_workers* [305](/en/18-table-access-methods/#internal-page-305)

- *max\_parallel\_workers\_per\_gather* [305](/en/18-table-access-methods/#internal-page-305)–[306](/en/18-table-access-methods/#internal-page-306)

- *max\_pred\_locks\_per\_page* [238](/en/14-miscellaneous-locks/#internal-page-238)

- *max\_pred\_locks\_per\_relation* [239](/en/14-miscellaneous-locks/#internal-page-239)

- *max\_pred\_locks\_per\_transaction* [238](/en/14-miscellaneous-locks/#internal-page-238)–[239](/en/14-miscellaneous-locks/#internal-page-239)

- *max\_wal\_senders* [192](/en/11-wal-modes/#internal-page-192)

- *max\_wal\_size* [177](/en/10-write-ahead-log/#internal-page-177)–[178](/en/10-write-ahead-log/#internal-page-178), [180](/en/10-write-ahead-log/#internal-page-180)

- *max\_worker\_processes* [110](/en/06-vacuum-and-autovacuum/#internal-page-110), [305](/en/18-table-access-methods/#internal-page-305)

- `Memoize` [359](/en/21-nested-loop/#internal-page-359)–[361](/en/21-nested-loop/#internal-page-361), [406](/en/23-sorting-and-merging/#internal-page-406)

- `Merge Join` [387](/en/23-sorting-and-merging/#internal-page-387)

- Merging [387](/en/23-sorting-and-merging/#internal-page-387), [396](/en/23-sorting-and-merging/#internal-page-396), [401](/en/23-sorting-and-merging/#internal-page-401)

- `minimal` [186](/en/11-wal-modes/#internal-page-186), [191](/en/11-wal-modes/#internal-page-191)–[192](/en/11-wal-modes/#internal-page-192), [194](/en/11-wal-modes/#internal-page-194)–[195](/en/11-wal-modes/#internal-page-195)

- *min\_parallel\_index\_scan\_size* [108](/en/06-vacuum-and-autovacuum/#internal-page-108)

- *min\_parallel\_table\_scan\_size* [305](/en/18-table-access-methods/#internal-page-305)

- *min\_wal\_size* [178](/en/10-write-ahead-log/#internal-page-178)

- `MixedAggregate` [404](/en/23-sorting-and-merging/#internal-page-404)

- Multitransactions [213](/en/13-row-level-locks/#internal-page-213)

  - wraparound [215](/en/13-row-level-locks/#internal-page-215)

- Multiversion concurrency control [44](/en/02-isolation/#internal-page-44), [63](/en/03-pages-and-tuples/#internal-page-63), [101](/en/05-page-pruning-and-hot-updates/#internal-page-101), [430](/en/25-b-tree/#internal-page-430)

## N {#index-n}

- *n\_distinct\_per\_range* [537](/en/29-brin/#internal-page-537)

- Nearest neighbor search [327](/en/19-index-access-methods/#internal-page-327), [452](/en/26-gist/#internal-page-452), [461](/en/26-gist/#internal-page-461), [483](/en/27-sp-gist/#internal-page-483)

- `Nested Loop` [258](/en/16-query-execution-stages/#internal-page-258), [351](/en/21-nested-loop/#internal-page-351)–[352](/en/21-nested-loop/#internal-page-352), [355](/en/21-nested-loop/#internal-page-355), [360](/en/21-nested-loop/#internal-page-360)

- `Nested Loop Anti Join` [363](/en/21-nested-loop/#internal-page-363)

- `Nested Loop Left Join` [351](/en/21-nested-loop/#internal-page-351), [362](/en/21-nested-loop/#internal-page-362)

- `Nested Loop Semi Join` [364](/en/21-nested-loop/#internal-page-364)

- Non-repeatable read [42](/en/02-isolation/#internal-page-42), [46](/en/02-isolation/#internal-page-46), [52](/en/02-isolation/#internal-page-52)

- Non-uniform distribution [277](/en/17-statistics/#internal-page-277), [374](/en/22-hashing/#internal-page-374), [413](/en/24-hash/#internal-page-413)

- NULL [64](/en/03-pages-and-tuples/#internal-page-64), [274](/en/17-statistics/#internal-page-274), [328](/en/19-index-access-methods/#internal-page-328), [441](/en/25-b-tree/#internal-page-441), [443](/en/25-b-tree/#internal-page-443), [461](/en/26-gist/#internal-page-461), [483](/en/27-sp-gist/#internal-page-483), [530](/en/29-brin/#internal-page-530)

## O {#index-o}

- OID [21](/en/01-introduction/#internal-page-21)

- *old\_snapshot\_threshold* [141](/en/08-rebuilding-tables-and-indexes/#internal-page-141)

- Operator class [315](/en/19-index-access-methods/#internal-page-315), [365](/en/21-nested-loop/#internal-page-365), [493](/en/28-gin/#internal-page-493)

  - parameters [468](/en/26-gist/#internal-page-468), [533](/en/29-brin/#internal-page-533), [537](/en/29-brin/#internal-page-537)

  - support functions [320](/en/19-index-access-methods/#internal-page-320)

- Operator family [320](/en/19-index-access-methods/#internal-page-320)

- Optimization *see* planning

## P {#index-p}

- Page [28](/en/01-introduction/#internal-page-28), [412](/en/24-hash/#internal-page-412)

  - dirty [148](/en/09-buffer-cache/#internal-page-148)

  - fragmentation [64](/en/03-pages-and-tuples/#internal-page-64), [94](/en/05-page-pruning-and-hot-updates/#internal-page-94)

  - full image [174](/en/10-write-ahead-log/#internal-page-174)

  - header [134](/en/07-freezing/#internal-page-134), [139](/en/08-rebuilding-tables-and-indexes/#internal-page-139)

  - prefetching [341](/en/20-index-scans/#internal-page-341)

  - split [101](/en/05-page-pruning-and-hot-updates/#internal-page-101), [423](/en/25-b-tree/#internal-page-423), [425](/en/25-b-tree/#internal-page-425), [457](/en/26-gist/#internal-page-457), [481](/en/27-sp-gist/#internal-page-481), [502](/en/28-gin/#internal-page-502)

- pageinspect [62](/en/03-pages-and-tuples/#internal-page-62), [65](/en/03-pages-and-tuples/#internal-page-65), [68](/en/03-pages-and-tuples/#internal-page-68), [74](/en/03-pages-and-tuples/#internal-page-74), [125](/en/07-freezing/#internal-page-125), [167](/en/10-write-ahead-log/#internal-page-167), [211](/en/13-row-level-locks/#internal-page-211), [412](/en/24-hash/#internal-page-412), [447](/en/26-gist/#internal-page-447), [478](/en/27-sp-gist/#internal-page-478), [494](/en/28-gin/#internal-page-494), [520](/en/29-brin/#internal-page-520)

- *pages\_per\_range* [517](/en/29-brin/#internal-page-517)

- `Parallel Bitmap Heap Scan` [348](/en/20-index-scans/#internal-page-348)

- Parallel execution [300](/en/18-table-access-methods/#internal-page-300), [305](/en/18-table-access-methods/#internal-page-305), [347](/en/20-index-scans/#internal-page-347), [366](/en/21-nested-loop/#internal-page-366), [377](/en/22-hashing/#internal-page-377), [390](/en/23-sorting-and-merging/#internal-page-390), [401](/en/23-sorting-and-merging/#internal-page-401), [404](/en/23-sorting-and-merging/#internal-page-404)

  - limitations [308](/en/18-table-access-methods/#internal-page-308)

- `Parallel Hash` [379](/en/22-hashing/#internal-page-379)

- <span id="internal-page-546" class="pdf-anchor"></span>`Parallel Hash Join` [379](/en/22-hashing/#internal-page-379)

- `Parallel Index Only Scan` [378](/en/22-hashing/#internal-page-378)

- `Parallel Seq Scan` [301](/en/18-table-access-methods/#internal-page-301)–[302](/en/18-table-access-methods/#internal-page-302)

- *parallel\_leader\_participation* [300](/en/18-table-access-methods/#internal-page-300), [302](/en/18-table-access-methods/#internal-page-302)

- *parallel\_setup\_cost* [303](/en/18-table-access-methods/#internal-page-303), [401](/en/23-sorting-and-merging/#internal-page-401)

- *parallel\_tuple\_cost* [303](/en/18-table-access-methods/#internal-page-303), [402](/en/23-sorting-and-merging/#internal-page-402)

- *parallel\_workers* [305](/en/18-table-access-methods/#internal-page-305)

- Parsing [254](/en/16-query-execution-stages/#internal-page-254)

- `Partial Aggregate` [303](/en/18-table-access-methods/#internal-page-303)

- `Partial GroupAggregate` [404](/en/23-sorting-and-merging/#internal-page-404)

- pgbench [184](/en/11-wal-modes/#internal-page-184), [189](/en/11-wal-modes/#internal-page-189), [245](/en/15-locks-on-memory-structures/#internal-page-245)

- pg\_buffercache [148](/en/09-buffer-cache/#internal-page-148), [159](/en/09-buffer-cache/#internal-page-159)

- pg\_checksums [187](/en/11-wal-modes/#internal-page-187)

- pg\_controldata [173](/en/10-write-ahead-log/#internal-page-173)

- PGDATA [20](/en/01-introduction/#internal-page-20)

- pg\_dump [90](/en/04-snapshots/#internal-page-90)

- pg\_prewarm [161](/en/09-buffer-cache/#internal-page-161)

- *pg\_prewarm.autoprewarm* [161](/en/09-buffer-cache/#internal-page-161)

- *pg\_prewarm.autoprewarm\_interval* [161](/en/09-buffer-cache/#internal-page-161)

- pg\_rewind [165](/en/10-write-ahead-log/#internal-page-165)

- pgrowlocks [214](/en/13-row-level-locks/#internal-page-214), [229](/en/13-row-level-locks/#internal-page-229)

- pgstattuple [136](/en/08-rebuilding-tables-and-indexes/#internal-page-136)

- pg\_test\_fsync [186](/en/11-wal-modes/#internal-page-186)

- pg\_trgm [471](/en/26-gist/#internal-page-471), [490](/en/27-sp-gist/#internal-page-490), [507](/en/28-gin/#internal-page-507)

- pg\_visibility [104](/en/06-vacuum-and-autovacuum/#internal-page-104), [126](/en/07-freezing/#internal-page-126)

- pg\_wait\_sampling [245](/en/15-locks-on-memory-structures/#internal-page-245)

- *pg\_wait\_sampling.profile\_period* [246](/en/15-locks-on-memory-structures/#internal-page-246)

- pg\_waldump [169](/en/10-write-ahead-log/#internal-page-169), [176](/en/10-write-ahead-log/#internal-page-176), [193](/en/11-wal-modes/#internal-page-193)

- Phantom read [42](/en/02-isolation/#internal-page-42), [52](/en/02-isolation/#internal-page-52), [235](/en/14-miscellaneous-locks/#internal-page-235)

- Plan [257](/en/16-query-execution-stages/#internal-page-257)

  - generic and custom [268](/en/16-query-execution-stages/#internal-page-268)

- *plan\_cache\_mode* [269](/en/16-query-execution-stages/#internal-page-269)

- Planning [257](/en/16-query-execution-stages/#internal-page-257), [267](/en/16-query-execution-stages/#internal-page-267)

- Pointers to tuples [63](/en/03-pages-and-tuples/#internal-page-63)

- Portal [264](/en/16-query-execution-stages/#internal-page-264)

- `postgres` [33](/en/01-introduction/#internal-page-33)

- `postmaster` [33](/en/01-introduction/#internal-page-33)–[34](/en/01-introduction/#internal-page-34), [110](/en/06-vacuum-and-autovacuum/#internal-page-110), [173](/en/10-write-ahead-log/#internal-page-173), [175](/en/10-write-ahead-log/#internal-page-175), [300](/en/18-table-access-methods/#internal-page-300)

- Preparing a statement [266](/en/16-query-execution-stages/#internal-page-266)

- ProcArray [70](/en/03-pages-and-tuples/#internal-page-70), [82](/en/04-snapshots/#internal-page-82)

- Process [33](/en/01-introduction/#internal-page-33)

- Protocol [35](/en/01-introduction/#internal-page-35)

  - extended query [266](/en/16-query-execution-stages/#internal-page-266)

  - simple query [252](/en/16-query-execution-stages/#internal-page-252)

- Pruning [92](/en/05-page-pruning-and-hot-updates/#internal-page-92), [98](/en/05-page-pruning-and-hot-updates/#internal-page-98), [101](/en/05-page-pruning-and-hot-updates/#internal-page-101), [425](/en/25-b-tree/#internal-page-425), [430](/en/25-b-tree/#internal-page-430)

- psql [15](/en/about-this-book/#internal-page-15), [18](/en/about-this-book/#internal-page-18), [21](/en/01-introduction/#internal-page-21), [79](/en/03-pages-and-tuples/#internal-page-79), [244](/en/15-locks-on-memory-structures/#internal-page-244), [251](/en/16-query-execution-stages/#internal-page-251)

## Q {#index-q}

- Quadtree [473](/en/27-sp-gist/#internal-page-473)

## R {#index-r}

- *random\_page\_cost* [297](/en/18-table-access-methods/#internal-page-297), [334](/en/20-index-scans/#internal-page-334), [345](/en/20-index-scans/#internal-page-345)

- RD-tree [464](/en/26-gist/#internal-page-464)

- `Read Committed` [42](/en/02-isolation/#internal-page-42)–[46](/en/02-isolation/#internal-page-46), [49](/en/02-isolation/#internal-page-49)–[50](/en/02-isolation/#internal-page-50), [52](/en/02-isolation/#internal-page-52)–[53](/en/02-isolation/#internal-page-53), [61](/en/02-isolation/#internal-page-61), [80](/en/04-snapshots/#internal-page-80), [87](/en/04-snapshots/#internal-page-87)–[88](/en/04-snapshots/#internal-page-88), [91](/en/04-snapshots/#internal-page-91), [104](/en/06-vacuum-and-autovacuum/#internal-page-104), [219](/en/13-row-level-locks/#internal-page-219)

- Read skew [48](/en/02-isolation/#internal-page-48), [50](/en/02-isolation/#internal-page-50), [53](/en/02-isolation/#internal-page-53)

- `Read Uncommitted` [42](/en/02-isolation/#internal-page-42)–[45](/en/02-isolation/#internal-page-45)

- Read-only transaction anomaly [56](/en/02-isolation/#internal-page-56), [59](/en/02-isolation/#internal-page-59), [235](/en/14-miscellaneous-locks/#internal-page-235)

- Recheck [314](/en/19-index-access-methods/#internal-page-314), [330](/en/20-index-scans/#internal-page-330), [342](/en/20-index-scans/#internal-page-342), [463](/en/26-gist/#internal-page-463), [469](/en/26-gist/#internal-page-469), [483](/en/27-sp-gist/#internal-page-483), [510](/en/28-gin/#internal-page-510)

- Recovery [173](/en/10-write-ahead-log/#internal-page-173)

- Relation [24](/en/01-introduction/#internal-page-24)

- `Repeatable Read` [43](/en/02-isolation/#internal-page-43)–[45](/en/02-isolation/#internal-page-45), [52](/en/02-isolation/#internal-page-52)–[56](/en/02-isolation/#internal-page-56), [58](/en/02-isolation/#internal-page-58), [60](/en/02-isolation/#internal-page-60)–[61](/en/02-isolation/#internal-page-61), [80](/en/04-snapshots/#internal-page-80), [88](/en/04-snapshots/#internal-page-88), [91](/en/04-snapshots/#internal-page-91), [133](/en/07-freezing/#internal-page-133), [219](/en/13-row-level-locks/#internal-page-219), [236](/en/14-miscellaneous-locks/#internal-page-236)

- `replica` [191](/en/11-wal-modes/#internal-page-191)–[192](/en/11-wal-modes/#internal-page-192), [194](/en/11-wal-modes/#internal-page-194), [196](/en/11-wal-modes/#internal-page-196)

- Rewriting *see* transformation

- Row version *see* tuple

- RTE [254](/en/16-query-execution-stages/#internal-page-254)

- R-Tree [445](/en/26-gist/#internal-page-445)

- Rule system [256](/en/16-query-execution-stages/#internal-page-256)

- RUM [506](/en/28-gin/#internal-page-506)

## S {#index-s}

- Savepoint [76](/en/03-pages-and-tuples/#internal-page-76)

- Scan

  - bitmap [326](/en/19-index-access-methods/#internal-page-326), [340](/en/20-index-scans/#internal-page-340), [420](/en/24-hash/#internal-page-420), [442](/en/25-b-tree/#internal-page-442), [460](/en/26-gist/#internal-page-460), [482](/en/27-sp-gist/#internal-page-482), [503](/en/28-gin/#internal-page-503), [530](/en/29-brin/#internal-page-530)

  - cost estimation [296](/en/18-table-access-methods/#internal-page-296), [301](/en/18-table-access-methods/#internal-page-301), [331](/en/20-index-scans/#internal-page-331), [338](/en/20-index-scans/#internal-page-338), [343](/en/20-index-scans/#internal-page-343), [534](/en/29-brin/#internal-page-534)

  - index [237](/en/14-miscellaneous-locks/#internal-page-237), [326](/en/19-index-access-methods/#internal-page-326), [330](/en/20-index-scans/#internal-page-330), [442](/en/25-b-tree/#internal-page-442), [460](/en/26-gist/#internal-page-460), [482](/en/27-sp-gist/#internal-page-482)

  - index-only [273](/en/17-statistics/#internal-page-273), [328](/en/19-index-access-methods/#internal-page-328), [337](/en/20-index-scans/#internal-page-337), [420](/en/24-hash/#internal-page-420), [461](/en/26-gist/#internal-page-461), [466](/en/26-gist/#internal-page-466), [483](/en/27-sp-gist/#internal-page-483), [490](/en/27-sp-gist/#internal-page-490)

  - <span id="internal-page-547" class="pdf-anchor"></span>method comparison [348](/en/20-index-scans/#internal-page-348)

  - parallel index [347](/en/20-index-scans/#internal-page-347)

  - parallel sequential [301](/en/18-table-access-methods/#internal-page-301)

  - sequential [236](/en/14-miscellaneous-locks/#internal-page-236), [296](/en/18-table-access-methods/#internal-page-296)

  - skip [439](/en/25-b-tree/#internal-page-439)

- Schema [22](/en/01-introduction/#internal-page-22)

- *search\_path* [22](/en/01-introduction/#internal-page-22)

- seg [471](/en/26-gist/#internal-page-471)

- Segment [24](/en/01-introduction/#internal-page-24), [168](/en/10-write-ahead-log/#internal-page-168)

- Selectivity [262](/en/16-query-execution-stages/#internal-page-262), [296](/en/18-table-access-methods/#internal-page-296)

  - join [356](/en/21-nested-loop/#internal-page-356)

- `Seq Scan` [258](/en/16-query-execution-stages/#internal-page-258), [296](/en/18-table-access-methods/#internal-page-296), [298](/en/18-table-access-methods/#internal-page-298)–[299](/en/18-table-access-methods/#internal-page-299), [310](/en/18-table-access-methods/#internal-page-310)

- *seq\_page\_cost* [297](/en/18-table-access-methods/#internal-page-297), [334](/en/20-index-scans/#internal-page-334), [345](/en/20-index-scans/#internal-page-345), [377](/en/22-hashing/#internal-page-377)

- `Serializable` [43](/en/02-isolation/#internal-page-43)–[44](/en/02-isolation/#internal-page-44), [58](/en/02-isolation/#internal-page-58), [60](/en/02-isolation/#internal-page-60)–[61](/en/02-isolation/#internal-page-61), [80](/en/04-snapshots/#internal-page-80), [88](/en/04-snapshots/#internal-page-88), [91](/en/04-snapshots/#internal-page-91), [219](/en/13-row-level-locks/#internal-page-219), [235](/en/14-miscellaneous-locks/#internal-page-235)–[236](/en/14-miscellaneous-locks/#internal-page-236), [239](/en/14-miscellaneous-locks/#internal-page-239), [308](/en/18-table-access-methods/#internal-page-308)

- Server [20](/en/01-introduction/#internal-page-20)

- *shared\_buffers* [158](/en/09-buffer-cache/#internal-page-158)

- *shared\_preload\_libraries* [161](/en/09-buffer-cache/#internal-page-161), [245](/en/15-locks-on-memory-structures/#internal-page-245)

- Signature [466](/en/26-gist/#internal-page-466), [537](/en/29-brin/#internal-page-537)

- slowfs [246](/en/15-locks-on-memory-structures/#internal-page-246)

- Snapshot [80](/en/04-snapshots/#internal-page-80), [83](/en/04-snapshots/#internal-page-83), [194](/en/11-wal-modes/#internal-page-194)

  - export [90](/en/04-snapshots/#internal-page-90)

  - system catalog [89](/en/04-snapshots/#internal-page-89)

- `Sort` [391](/en/23-sorting-and-merging/#internal-page-391)–[394](/en/23-sorting-and-merging/#internal-page-394), [402](/en/23-sorting-and-merging/#internal-page-402), [404](/en/23-sorting-and-merging/#internal-page-404)

- Sorting [327](/en/19-index-access-methods/#internal-page-327), [387](/en/23-sorting-and-merging/#internal-page-387), [392](/en/23-sorting-and-merging/#internal-page-392), [421](/en/25-b-tree/#internal-page-421), [437](/en/25-b-tree/#internal-page-437), [441](/en/25-b-tree/#internal-page-441)

  - external [396](/en/23-sorting-and-merging/#internal-page-396)

  - heapsort [394](/en/23-sorting-and-merging/#internal-page-394)

  - incremental [399](/en/23-sorting-and-merging/#internal-page-399)

  - parallel [401](/en/23-sorting-and-merging/#internal-page-401)

  - quicksort [393](/en/23-sorting-and-merging/#internal-page-393)

- Special space [63](/en/03-pages-and-tuples/#internal-page-63)

- SP-GiST [472](/en/27-sp-gist/#internal-page-472)

  - operator class [472](/en/27-sp-gist/#internal-page-472), [475](/en/27-sp-gist/#internal-page-475), [486](/en/27-sp-gist/#internal-page-486)

  - pages [477](/en/27-sp-gist/#internal-page-477)

  - properties [482](/en/27-sp-gist/#internal-page-482), [490](/en/27-sp-gist/#internal-page-490)

- Split

  - bucket [411](/en/24-hash/#internal-page-411), [414](/en/24-hash/#internal-page-414)

  - page [423](/en/25-b-tree/#internal-page-423), [425](/en/25-b-tree/#internal-page-425), [457](/en/26-gist/#internal-page-457), [481](/en/27-sp-gist/#internal-page-481), [502](/en/28-gin/#internal-page-502)

- `startup` [173](/en/10-write-ahead-log/#internal-page-173)–[175](/en/10-write-ahead-log/#internal-page-175)

- Starvation [216](/en/13-row-level-locks/#internal-page-216), [221](/en/13-row-level-locks/#internal-page-221)

- *statement\_timeout* [225](/en/13-row-level-locks/#internal-page-225)

- Statistics [109](/en/06-vacuum-and-autovacuum/#internal-page-109), [262](/en/16-query-execution-stages/#internal-page-262)

  - basic [271](/en/17-statistics/#internal-page-271), [337](/en/20-index-scans/#internal-page-337)

  - correlation [284](/en/17-statistics/#internal-page-284), [332](/en/20-index-scans/#internal-page-332), [525](/en/29-brin/#internal-page-525), [534](/en/29-brin/#internal-page-534)

  - distinct values [276](/en/17-statistics/#internal-page-276), [290](/en/17-statistics/#internal-page-290), [525](/en/29-brin/#internal-page-525)

  - expression [285](/en/17-statistics/#internal-page-285), [293](/en/17-statistics/#internal-page-293)

  - extended [286](/en/17-statistics/#internal-page-286)

  - field width [284](/en/17-statistics/#internal-page-284)

  - histogram [279](/en/17-statistics/#internal-page-279), [389](/en/23-sorting-and-merging/#internal-page-389)

  - most common values [277](/en/17-statistics/#internal-page-277), [291](/en/17-statistics/#internal-page-291), [357](/en/21-nested-loop/#internal-page-357), [374](/en/22-hashing/#internal-page-374)

  - multivariate [288](/en/17-statistics/#internal-page-288)

  - non-scalar data types [283](/en/17-statistics/#internal-page-283)

  - NULL fraction [275](/en/17-statistics/#internal-page-275)

- `SubPlan` [310](/en/18-table-access-methods/#internal-page-310)–[311](/en/18-table-access-methods/#internal-page-311)

- Subtransaction [76](/en/03-pages-and-tuples/#internal-page-76), [170](/en/10-write-ahead-log/#internal-page-170)

- Support functions [320](/en/19-index-access-methods/#internal-page-320)

- Synchronization [182](/en/11-wal-modes/#internal-page-182), [186](/en/11-wal-modes/#internal-page-186)

- *synchronous\_commit* [182](/en/11-wal-modes/#internal-page-182)–[184](/en/11-wal-modes/#internal-page-184)

- System catalog [21](/en/01-introduction/#internal-page-21), [193](/en/11-wal-modes/#internal-page-193), [255](/en/16-query-execution-stages/#internal-page-255)

## T {#index-t}

- Tablespace [22](/en/01-introduction/#internal-page-22)

- *temp\_buffers* [163](/en/09-buffer-cache/#internal-page-163)

- *temp\_file\_limit* [163](/en/09-buffer-cache/#internal-page-163), [372](/en/22-hashing/#internal-page-372)

- `Tid Scan` [330](/en/20-index-scans/#internal-page-330)

- Timeline [169](/en/10-write-ahead-log/#internal-page-169)

- TOAST [22](/en/01-introduction/#internal-page-22), [28](/en/01-introduction/#internal-page-28), [74](/en/03-pages-and-tuples/#internal-page-74), [157](/en/09-buffer-cache/#internal-page-157)

- *track\_commit\_timestamp* [82](/en/04-snapshots/#internal-page-82)

- *track\_counts* [110](/en/06-vacuum-and-autovacuum/#internal-page-110)

- *track\_io\_timing* [154](/en/09-buffer-cache/#internal-page-154)

- Transaction [40](/en/02-isolation/#internal-page-40), [67](/en/03-pages-and-tuples/#internal-page-67), [80](/en/04-snapshots/#internal-page-80)

  - abort [72](/en/03-pages-and-tuples/#internal-page-72), [76](/en/03-pages-and-tuples/#internal-page-76), [78](/en/03-pages-and-tuples/#internal-page-78), [219](/en/13-row-level-locks/#internal-page-219), [236](/en/14-miscellaneous-locks/#internal-page-236)

  - age [123](/en/07-freezing/#internal-page-123)

  - commit [70](/en/03-pages-and-tuples/#internal-page-70), [167](/en/10-write-ahead-log/#internal-page-167), [182](/en/11-wal-modes/#internal-page-182)–[183](/en/11-wal-modes/#internal-page-183), [219](/en/13-row-level-locks/#internal-page-219)

  - status [82](/en/04-snapshots/#internal-page-82), [167](/en/10-write-ahead-log/#internal-page-167)

  - subtransaction [76](/en/03-pages-and-tuples/#internal-page-76), [170](/en/10-write-ahead-log/#internal-page-170)

  - virtual [75](/en/03-pages-and-tuples/#internal-page-75), [203](/en/12-relation-level-locks/#internal-page-203)

- Transaction ID

  - lock [202](/en/12-relation-level-locks/#internal-page-202)

  - wraparound [123](/en/07-freezing/#internal-page-123), [131](/en/07-freezing/#internal-page-131)